A080 - RIFT VALLEY FEVER

From: Subject: A080 - RIFT VALLEY FEVER Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2008 10:51:51 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0082_01C8E7FB.1EBC8CE0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0082_01C8E7FB.1EBC8CE0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/A_A080.HTM A080 - RIFT VALLEY FEVER

Updated: 22/04/2002

Rift Valley fever

Aetiology Epidemiology= Diagnosis Prevention = and=20 control References

AETIOLOGY

Classification of the causative agent

Virus family Bunyaviridae, genus = Phlebovirus

Resistance to physical and chemical action

Temperature: Survives several months at 4=B0C. In serum, inactivated by = 56=B0C for=20 120 minutes

pH: Resistant to alkaline pH but inactivated by pH = <6.8

Chemicals: Inactivated by ether and chloroform

Disinfectants: Inactivated by strong solutions of sodium or calcium = hypochlorite=20 (residual chlorine should exceed 5000 ppm)

Survival: Survives in dried discharges and multiplies in some arthropod=20 vectors. Can survive contact with 0.5% phenol at 4=B0C for 6=20 months

EPIDEMIOLOGY

High mortality rate in young animals=20
High abortion rate in ruminants

Hosts

Cattle, sheep, goats, dromedaries, several rodents=20
Wild ruminants, buffaloes, antelopes, wildebeest, etc.=20
Humans are very susceptible (major zoonosis)=20
African monkeys and domestic carnivores present a transitory = viraemia=20

Transmission

Haematophagous mosquitoes of many genera (Aedes, = Anopheles, Culex, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, etc.) = can=20 transmit fever as biological, competent vectors. Mosquitoes = (Aedes)=20 are the reservoir host
Direct contamination: occurs in humans when handling infected = animals=20 and meat

Sources of virus

For animals: wild fauna and vectors=20
For humans: nasal discharge, blood, vaginal secretions after = abortion in=20 animals, mosquitoes, and infected meat. Possibly also by aerosols = and=20 consumption of raw milk

Occurrence

RVF has been recognised exclusively in African = countries, with=20 an underlying association with high rainfall and dense populations of = vector=20 mosquitoes. The only epizootic outbreaks of RVF outside sub-Saharan = Africa=20 were recorded in animals and humans in Egypt in 1977-78, Mauritania in = 1987=20 and again in Egypt in 1993. Laboratory infections have been recorded = in other=20 parts of the world

For detailed information on occurrence, see recent = issues of=20 World Animal Health and the OIE Bulletin

DIAGNOSIS

Incubation period varies from 1 to 6 days

Clinical diagnosis

Cattle=20

Calves: fever (40-41=B0C), depression. Mortality rate: 10-70%=20
Adults: fever (40-41=B0C), excessive salivation, anorexia, = weakness, fetid=20 diarrhoea, fall in milk yield. Abortion may reach 85% in the herd. = Mortality=20 rate is usually less than 10%

Sheep, goats and pigs=20

Lambs: fever (40-42=B0C), anorexia, weakness, death within 36 = hours after=20 inoculation. Mortality rate: for animals under 1 week of age - up to = 90%;=20 for animals over 1 week of age - up to 20%=20
Adults: fever (40-41=B0C), mucopurulent nasal discharge, = vomiting; in=20 pregnant ewes, abortion may reach 100% and mortality may reach = 20-30%=20

Inapparent infections are quite frequent in other = species than=20 sheep

Humans=20

Influenza-like syndrome: fever (37.8-40=B0C), headache, muscular = pain,=20 weakness, nausea and epigastric discomfort, photophobiae. Recovery = occurs=20 within 4-7 days

Complications: retinopathy, blindness, = meningo-encephalitis,=20 haemorrhagic syndrome with jaundice, petechiae and death

Lesions

Focal or generalised hepatic necrosis (white necrotic foci of = about 1 mm=20 in diameter)=20
Congestion, enlargement, and discoloration of liver with = subcapsular=20 haemorrhages=20
Brown-yellowish colour of liver in aborted fetuses=20
Widespread cutaneous haemorrhages, petechial to ecchymotic = haemorrhages=20 on parietal and visceral serosal membranes=20
Enlargement, oedema, haemorrhages and necrosis of lymph nodes=20
Congestion and cortical haemorrhages of kidneys and gallbladder
Haemorrhagic enteritis=20
Icterus (low percentage)

Differential diagnosis

Bluetongue=20
Wesselsbron disease=20
Enterotoxemia of sheep=20
Ephemeral fever=20
Brucellosis=20
Vibriosis=20
Trichomonosis=20
Nairobi sheep disease=20
Heartwater=20
Ovine enzootic abortion=20
Towic plants
Bacterial septicaemias
Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants

Laboratory diagnosis

Procedures

Identification of the agent=20

Virus isolation:=20

inoculation of mice or hamsters - preferred method=20
inoculation of 1-2-day-old lambs=20
inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs=20
tissue culture inoculation (Vero, CER, BHK-21, mosquito line = cells or=20 primary calf, lamb and goat kidney and testis cells) in = combination with=20 immunofluorescence

Viral antigen identification by immunofluorescence in cryostat = sections=20 or in impression smears of liver, spleen and brain. Also by = complement=20 fixation and immunodiffusion on tissue suspensions
Antigen detection in blood: immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassay =

Serological tests=20

Enyzme-linked immunosorbent assay - IgG and IgM
Virus neutralisation=20
Fluorescent antibody test=20
Haemagglutination inhibition=20
Plaque reduction neutralisation=20
Complement fixation
Immunodiffusion

Samples=20

Heparinised or clotted blood
Plasma or serum=20
Tissue samples of liver, spleen, kidney, lymph node, heart blood = and=20 brain from aborted fetus. Specimens should be submitted preserved in = 10%=20 buffered formalin and in glycerol/saline and transported at = 4=B0C

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

No specific treatment. Symptomatic treatment in = severe human=20 cases

Sanitary prophylaxis

Hygiene and vector control have had little effect

Medical prophylaxis

Attenuated virus vaccine (Smithburn strain)=20

one inoculation confers immunity lasting 3 years=20
residual pathogenicity for pregnant ewes (abortion)=20
pathogenic for humans

Inactivated - virus vaccine=20

requires two inoculations and annual revaccination =

REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION

Refe= rence=20 experts and laboratories
Classified as an OIE = List=20 A disease (A080)
Chapter=20 2.1.8. in the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for = Terrestrial=20 Animals.
Terrestrial = Animal Health Code=20

Other references - see the Index=20

World Animal Health .
Current Animal=20 Health Status (Disease = Information)

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Contact : mailto:scientific.dept@oie.int

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BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 8pt; VISIBILITY: visible; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #999999 1px solid; COLOR: black; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #999999 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","Lucida = Grande",Verdana,Lucida,Helvetica,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc } #cover_top { BORDER-RIGHT: #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; = MARGIN: 0px 20px 10px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-TOP: = 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #bbbbbb 0px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center } #cover_top A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; WIDTH: 100px; = COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 13px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #992035 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #cover_top A:hover { COLOR: #000000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } #search_icon { LEFT: 12px; FLOAT: left; POSITION: relative; TOP: 38px } #search_banner_last { FLOAT: right; WIDTH: 271px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; POSITION: relative; TOP: = 3px; HEIGHT: 60px } #langues10 { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-RIGHT: 18px; POSITION: relative; = TOP: 1px } #langues10 A { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #langues10 A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff } #plan10 { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LEFT: 5px; FLOAT: right; WIDTH: 90px; MARGIN-RIGHT: = 0px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 1px } #plan10 A { COLOR: #cccccc; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #plan10 A:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #print_page { FONT-SIZE: 9px; FLOAT: right; COLOR: #000000; MARGIN-RIGHT: 23px; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; POSITION: relative; TOP: -5px } .print_icon { LEFT: -4px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 6px } .print_icon_fr { LEFT: -4px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 6px } .print_icon_en { LEFT: 4px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 6px } .print_icon_es { LEFT: 0px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 6px } #banner_print { MARGIN-TOP: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: #666666; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #999999 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } #banner_print2 { MARGIN-TOP: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: #666666; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #bbbbbb 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .titre-banner { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; WORD-SPACING: 2px; COLOR: #aaaaaa; LINE-HEIGHT: 8pt; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0.1em } .petite_police { FONT-SIZE: 8pt } UNKNOWN { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; POSITION: relative; TOP: -3px; = BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } #liste_haut { =09 } #liste_haut LI { DISPLAY: inline; WIDTH: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 5px } #liste_haut LI { =09 } #liste_haut LI A { BORDER-RIGHT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.2em; BORDER-TOP: = #aaaaaa 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0.2em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: = 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; = MARGIN-RIGHT: 0em; PADDING-TOP: 0.1em; BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid; = HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fafafa; TEXT-ALIGN: center; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } #liste_haut LI A.selected { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #992035 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } #liste_haut LI A:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #992035 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } .deco_line { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(eng/info_ev/images/banner_thin.jpg); MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 30px } .deco_line_welcome { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(eng/info_ev/images/banner_thick.jpg); MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 50px } .ai_news { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; = FLOAT: right; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; BORDER-LEFT: = #992035 1px solid; WIDTH: 200px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #992035 1px solid } .ai_news_2 { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; = FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; WIDTH: = 200px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px = solid } .ai_news_3 { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; = FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; WIDTH: = 100%; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px = solid } .ai_news_4 { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: = 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 220px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; POSITION: relative; HEIGHT: 750px } .list_ai { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif, serif } .bordurerouge { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #992035 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid } .Style2 { COLOR: #992035 } ------=_NextPart_000_0082_01C8E7FB.1EBC8CE0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.oie.int/menu.css BODY { MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 4px; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif,serif,arial } A { COLOR: #000000 } A:hover { COLOR: #992035 } .mainFolderBox { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #4f4f4f; LINE-HEIGHT: = 14pt; PADDING-TOP: 2px; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial } .mainFolderLine { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mainFolderLineMouseOver { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .subFolderBox { BORDER-RIGHT: navy 0px groove; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: navy 0px = groove; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: navy 0px groove; COLOR: #000000; PADDING-TOP: 2px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: navy 0px groove; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f3f3f3 } .subFolderLine { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f3f3f3; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .subFolderPage { BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #cccccc 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7f7f7; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .subFolderLineMouseOver { COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .linkBox { BORDER-RIGHT: navy 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: navy 0px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: navy 0px solid; COLOR: #4f4f4f; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: navy 0px solid; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, arial } .linkLine { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: arial, sans-serif, serif; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } .linkLineMouseOver { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, Arial } .mainFolderBox_group { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #b90000; LINE-HEIGHT: = 14pt; PADDING-TOP: 2px; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial } .mainFolderLine_group { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b90000; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .mainFolderLine_groupMouseOver { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b90000; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .subFolderBox_group { BORDER-RIGHT: navy 0px groove; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: navy 0px = groove; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: navy 0px groove; COLOR: #4f4f4f; PADDING-TOP: 2px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: navy 0px groove; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ebebeb } .subFolderLine_group { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } .subFolderLine_groupMouseOver { COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .linkBox_group { BORDER-RIGHT: navy 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: navy 0px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: navy 0px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 2px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: navy 0px solid; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ebebeb } .linkLine_group { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial } .linkLinegroupMouse_Over { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, Arial } .alerte { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: large; COLOR: #b90000; FONT-STYLE: = normal; FONT-FAMILY: Ottawa, Verdana, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .alertemsg { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .rubriquetitre { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #b90000; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Ottawa, Verdana } .zoomsur { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: = Ottawa, Verdana, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .parentheses { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, = Arial } .date { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: text-bottom; = LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .copyright { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b7b7b7; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial } .responsables { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b9b9b9; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial } .datealerte { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .texte { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif, serif,; = TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .textenojustif { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif, serif, } .titreouvrage { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, = Arial } .enligne { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial } .alertevts { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .langues { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #000066; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial, Helvetica,; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .texteverdana { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .textedefilant { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, arial } .para { FONT-SIZE: 10px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .planrecherche { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .aide { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #4f4f4f; FONT-STYLE: = italic; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, Arial } .dateconf { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .titredansbarre3L { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #e0e0e0; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .titredansbarrefin { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cacaca; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .titredansbarrefinblanc { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .titre1 { FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #992035; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .titre2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #992035; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .titre3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: = #333333; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif, serif, Arial; = FONT-VARIANT: normal } .basdepage { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b9b9b9; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .fintexte { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .Rubrique_LaUne { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: #b90000; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Ottawa, Verdana, Arial } .emailpa { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #b9b9b9; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial } .basdepage_plan { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .fintexte_centre { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, Arial; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .titresite { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 24px; COLOR: #b90000; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Ottawa, Verdana, Arial } .titresite2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 24px; COLOR: #ffffff; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Ottawa, Verdana, Arial } .rubriquetitre2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: #b90000; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Ottawa, Verdana, Arial } .rubrique-groupe { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #b90000; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif, serif, arial; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .textegras { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = sans-serif, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .textecentre { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: = center } H1 { MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 1px; COLOR: #992035; TEXT-ALIGN: center } H2 { MARGIN-TOP: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; COLOR: #992035; BORDER-BOTTOM: #dddddd 1px = solid } H3 { MARGIN-TOP: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 1px; COLOR: #000000 } H4 { MARGIN-TOP: 8px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 6px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; COLOR: #444444 } #sub_menu { LEFT: 0px; POSITION: relative } #sublist { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; = BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } #sublist LI { DISPLAY: inline } #sublist LI A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0em; PADDING-TOP: 0.1em; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #eeeeee; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #sublist LI A:hover { COLOR: #000000; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } #sublist LI.selected A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #992035 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f5f8ff } #liste_haut { LEFT: -20px; POSITION: relative } #liste_haut { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; = BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } #liste_haut LI { DISPLAY: inline } #liste_haut LI A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0em; PADDING-TOP: 0.1em; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #eeeeee; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #liste_haut LI A:hover { COLOR: #000000; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } #liste_haut LI.selected A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #992035 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f5f8ff } #liste_press { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LEFT: -20px; = MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; LINE-HEIGHT: = normal; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; POSITION: relative; = BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; HEIGHT: auto; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } #liste_press LI { DISPLAY: inline; MARGIN-RIGHT: 5px } #liste_press LI A { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1em; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0.2em; BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; WIDTH: 100px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0em; = PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid; HEIGHT: auto; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee; TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #liste_press LI A:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; COLOR: #eeeeee; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #992035 } #liste_press LI.selected A { BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #000000 1px solid; COLOR: #eeeeee; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #992035 } .cadre_pub { BORDER-RIGHT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; BORDER-TOP: = #992035 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; MARGIN: = 0.5em; BORDER-LEFT: #992035 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0.1em; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #992035 1px solid } .cell_grise { BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } .cell_blanche { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .tr_header { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .tr_impair { BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent } .tr_pair { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } #page_generale { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; WIDTH: = 95%; PADDING-TOP: 0px } #search_banner { BORDER-RIGHT: red 0px solid; BORDER-TOP: red 0px solid; FLOAT: left; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(image/onglet.GIF); BORDER-LEFT: red 0px solid; = WIDTH: 271px; BORDER-BOTTOM: red 0px solid; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: = no-repeat; HEIGHT: 74px } #search_banner2 { BORDER-RIGHT: red 0px solid; BORDER-TOP: red 0px solid; FLOAT: right; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(image/onglet.GIF); BORDER-LEFT: red 0px solid; = WIDTH: 271px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-BOTTOM: red 0px solid; = BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 74px } #recherche { CLEAR: none; LEFT: 10px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 36px } #search_field { CLEAR: none; LEFT: 105px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 20px } #recherche2 { CLEAR: none; LEFT: -90px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 20px } #search_field2 { CLEAR: none; LEFT: 100px; POSITION: relative; TOP: 20px } .hiddenStructure { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll = repeat 0% 0%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: -1px 0px 0px -1px; OVERFLOW: = hidden; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 1px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; HEIGHT: 1px } FORM { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN: 0px; = BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } INPUT { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 12px; VISIBILITY: visible; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: black; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px = solid; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","Lucida = Grande",Verdana,Lucida,Helvetica,sans-serif } .searchButton { BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 8pt; VISIBILITY: visible; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #999999 1px solid; COLOR: black; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #999999 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","Lucida = Grande",Verdana,Lucida,Helvetica,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc } #cover_top { BORDER-RIGHT: #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; = MARGIN: 0px 20px 10px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #bbbbbb 0px solid; PADDING-TOP: = 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #bbbbbb 0px solid; 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Temperature:	Survives several months at 4=B0C. In serum, inactivated by = 56=B0C for=20 120 minutes
pH:	Resistant to alkaline pH but inactivated by pH = <6.8
Chemicals:	Inactivated by ether and chloroform
Disinfectants:	Inactivated by strong solutions of sodium or calcium = hypochlorite=20 (residual chlorine should exceed 5000 ppm)
Survival:	Survives in dried discharges and multiplies in some arthropod=20 vectors. Can survive contact with 0.5% phenol at 4=B0C for 6=20 months